在Reading(P85)中有一句话“With that chain on his watch Jim might be properly anxious about the time in any company.”其中“with that chain on his watch”在句中做状语,在语法上把它叫做独立主格结构。下面就这一语法现象进行讲解,供大家参考。
构成: 名词/代词 + 分词/不定式/形容词/副词/介词短语/名词
作用:在句中作方式、原因、条件、伴随等状语。
1. 名词/代词 + doing (名词或代词与do是主动关系)/ done (名词或代词与do是被动关系)。如:
Miss Gao falling ill, Mr. Wang took her class instead. 由于高老师病了, 王老师就替她代课。 (独立结构表原因, Miss Gao 与 fall ill是主动关系)
Weather permitting, we’ll go sightseeing.
如果天气允许的话,我们将去郊游。(独立结构表条件, weather与permit是主动关系)
All things considered, this is a good plan.
如果全面来考虑的话,这个计划还不错。 (独立结构表条件,all things与consider是被动关系)
2. 名词/代词 + 不定式 (这一结构多表示按计划安排将要做的事)。如:
The exam to be held tomorrow, I couldn’t go to the cinema tonight. 由于明天要考试,我今晚就不能去看电影了。 (独立结构表原因, “to be held”表示“将被举行”)
3.名词/代词 + 形容词/副词 (这一结构表伴随或原因)。如:
Our class over, we went to play football.
由于放学了,我们就去踢球。(独立结构表原因)
注:在over前省略了非谓语动词being,完整形式应该是 “The class being over, ...”。但是,如果前面的逻辑主语是人称代词时,being就不能省略。如:
Her child being ill, she asked for a three-day leave.
由于她的孩子生病了,她请了三天的假。
4.名词/代词 + 介词短语 (这种结构一般表伴随)。如:
The children came running towards us, (with) flowers in their hands.
孩子们捧着鲜花向我们跑过来。
注:有a, an, the和his, her, my, their分别修饰前后两个名词时,有时用with引导。但所有这些修饰成份都可以省略。如:
Last night, I followed him here, and climbed in, with a sword in my hand.
昨天晚上,我拿着剑跟踪他来到这儿,然后又爬进来。
句中“with a sword in my hand”可以简写成“sword in hand”。
5.there表示存在时,也可以构成独立结构。如:
There being no buses, they had to walk home.
由于没有公共汽车了,他们只得步行回家。 (独立结构表原因)